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Cell Death Dis 15 , 534 (2024)

Reagents The following antibodies were used: -actin/ACTB (Abcam, Cambridge, UK, #6276), GAPDH (Abcam, #8245), MAP1LC3B/LC3B (Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA, USA, #3868), HMOX1 (Enzo, Farmingdale, NY, USA, #ADI-OSA-110), IgG Fc fragment specific (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA, USA, #109-006-098), FK2 antibody recognizing mono- and polyubiquitinated proteins (Enzo, #BML-PW-8810), SQSTM1 (Progen, Heidelberg, Germany, #GP62-C), SRXN1 (Proteintech, Chicago, IL, USA, #14273-1-AP), xCT (Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA, USA, #12691)

Microglia are activated and, as a consequence, there are increased levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) in the cerebrospinal fluid [66,67], and increased translocator protein, a marker of central inflammation, in the temporal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex of the brain [68,69]