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Various environmental stressors, such as high stocking density, handling, hypoxia, ammonia exposure, and temperature fluctuations, can induce physiological and biochemical changes in aquatic species

54, 10631075.10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03477.x 17 HellR.BergmannL

[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 9.Nakazawa Y, Oka M, Tamura H, Takehana M

However, under more extreme conditions such as: 1) inadequate intake of foodstuffs containing the antioxidants, 2) excessive intake of pro-oxidants, 3) exposure to noxious chemicals or ultraviolet light, 4) injury/wounds, and/or 5) intense exercise, especially eccentric exercise, the body's endogenous antioxidant system is not able to effectively remove excessive ROS production[2]