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Description
2) Ammonia induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway

Biased agonism describes how different ligands, upon binding to the same receptor, can preferentially stabilize distinct receptor conformations, thereby selectively activating specific downstream signaling pathways (e.g., Gs-cAMP vs

This integrates microbial recognition with redox imbalance, ensuring both antimicrobial defense and collateral oxidative injury

Yan et al., 2025
