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This reduction may occur through the decreased release of protein-bound vitamin B12 or by creating an environment with elevated pH that fosters intestinal bacterial overgrowth, subsequently diminishing vitamin B12 absorption [45,49]

Rich sources include: Meat, especially liver and kidney Fish and shellfish Eggs and dairy products Fortified cereals and plant-based milk alternatives Because vitamin B12 is found primarily in animal products, individuals following a vegan or vegetarian diet may be at higher risk of deficiency

History [edit] Descriptions of deficiency effects [edit] Between 1849 and 1887, Thomas Addison described a case of pernicious anemia, William Osler and William Gardner first described a case of neuropathy, Hayem described large red cells in the peripheral blood in this condition, which he called "giant blood corpuscles" (now called macrocytes), Paul Ehrlich identified megaloblasts in the bone marrow, and Ludwig Lichtheim described a case of myelopathy

Researchers induced knee osteoarthritis in rabbits using collagenase injections, then treated the animals with weekly intra-articular injections of AOD-9604, hyaluronic acid, or a combination of both compounds