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Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction and related oxidative stress can activate the innate branch of the immune system, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines influencing various depression-related pathophysiological mechanisms: monoaminergic neurotransmission disruption, tryptophan degradation toward neurotoxic catabolites, glutamate-related excitotoxicity, decreased neurotrophic factors and alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [3, 33, 59]
10.1002/jor.24475 109 LiH.LuoS.WangH.ChenY.DingM.LuJ.et al (2023)
They participate in neutralizing reactive oxygen species [22, 23], thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the intestines
GLP-1RAs improve IR primarily by enhancing the muscle cell sensitivity to insulin
