glutathione gsh peroxidase (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide The glutathione peroxidase family: Discoveries

Carpenter, A

Studies show that glutathione turns these toxins into forms your body can easily remove, helping you feel better, especially if youre often tired or exposed to toxins

They provide amino acids that serve as building blocks for connective tissue

When serum B12 results are equivocal or clinical suspicion remains high despite normal B12 levels, additional tests may be requested: Methylmalonic acid (MMA) : Elevated levels indicate functional B12 deficiency at the cellular level, though availability may be limited in primary care and levels can be elevated in renal impairment Homocysteine : Also elevated in B12 deficiency, though less specific and also affected by renal function Intrinsic factor antibodies : To investigate pernicious anaemia, the most common cause of B12 deficiency in the UK Anti-parietal cell antibodies : May be tested if pernicious anaemia is suspected but intrinsic factor antibodies are negative Identifying the underlying cause is crucial for appropriate management