side effects of l-carnitine & Safety: A Complete Guide Carnitine: the claims and why

Given the numerous potential secondary causes, the PIANIST mnemonic (Psychiatric, Iatrogenic/Intoxicant, Anemia, Nutrients, Infection, Sleep, Thyroid/hormonal) can be used to aid in identification (Table 1)

Significant comorbidity exists among these conditions, exemplified by the frequent co-occurrence of depression and ASD with epilepsy (277), the common comorbidity of depression with migraine (277), and the elevated prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome among migraine patients (278)

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 45.Vera-Ramirez L., Ramirez-Tortosa M., Perez-Lopez P., Granados-Principal S., Battino M., Quiles J.L

(2011) 95:17305.e1