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Hinsichtlich der Auswirkung der Schadstoffe kommt es nicht nur darauf an, in welcher Konzentration und wie lange eine Noxe wirkt

Abbreviations HA: hyaluronic acid, a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) component GSH: glutathione, a key intracellular antioxidant ROS: reactive oxygen species, molecules involved in oxidative stress ECM: extracellular matrix, the structural scaffold surrounding cells CD44: cluster of differentiation 44, a cell surface receptor for HA HMW-HA: high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid, with anti-inflammatory properties LMW-HA: low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid, often pro-angiogenic or pro-inflammatory TLR: toll-like receptor, involved in innate immune signaling NF-B: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, a transcription factor regulating inflammation IL-10: interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-: transforming growth factor-beta, a cytokine involved in immune regulation and wound healing Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2, a regulator of antioxidant defense pathways HO-1: heme oxygenase-1, an enzyme induced under oxidative stress GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide M1: pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype M2: regenerative, anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype ADSCs: adipose-derived stem cells, used for regenerative therapy VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, promotes angiogenesis MOF: metalorganic framework, a porous material used in drug delivery PEI: polyethylenimine, a polymer used for gene and drug delivery AgNP: silver nanoparticles, used for their antimicrobial properties BLE: Bluetooth Low Energy, used in wearable biosensor communication GelMA: gelatin methacryloyl, a photocrosslinkable biomaterial EMT: epithelialmesenchymal transition, a biological process in cancer and tissue repair GMP: good manufacturing practice, standards for pharmaceutical and medical device production References Mamun AA, Shao C, Geng P, Wang S, Xiao J

Immune cells that mediate the initiation and progression of inflammatory responses consequently represent promising therapeutic targets for intervention in age-related immune dysfunction