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Autoimmunity 13 : 61, 1992

The gold standard for measuring biological age is a DNA methylation test

Vitamin B12 is found naturally in animal-derived foods such as meats, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products

Therapeutically, the axis can be interrupted by iron chelation (e.g., deferoxamine or deferiprone, with awareness of anemia/infection risks), radical-trapping antioxidants (ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1), selenium supplementation or GPX4 support (restoring the glutathioneGPX4 system), limiting LIP release by restraining ferritinophagy and, context-dependently, LOX/ACSL4 modulation or reinforcement of FSP1/CoQ10 defensesalways paired with biomarker guidance (LIP assays, ferritin/NCOA4/HO-1 status, lipid-peroxide readouts) to avoid blunting physiological iron/redox signalling (Mao et al