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Oxidation of cysteines thiol group yields sulfenic (R-SOH), sulfinic (R-SO 2 H), and sulfonic (R-SO 3 H) acids, while carbonylation of arginine, lysine, and threonine, as well as tyrosine nitration, generates protein carbonyls (PCs), established oxidative stress markers (Panella et al., 2025)

Supplied in a lyophilized powder format, this material is intended for in-vitro experimentation, analytical investigation, and method development conducted under controlled laboratory conditions

Cell Protection : It protects against oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cells

10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00667.x 20