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1 (2017): 1600324, 10.1002/mnfr.201600324

Direct scavenging of free radicals (especially ROS), inhibition of ROS manufacturing enzymes, and preservation of mitochondrial integrity and function affect redox signaling by activating nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR), and the synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs), thioredoxins, sirtuins, and other antioxidant molecules are pathways through which L-carnitine and its derivatives modulate oxidative stress conditions [14, 38]

In spite of that, the same study found no real change in heart failure cases or repeat heart attacks [16]

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC, Lonza) were cultured in endothelial cell basal medium (EBM, Lonza) supplemented with endothelial cell growth medium (EGMSingleQuots, Lonza), 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 g/mL streptomycin