glutathione reduced state Relationship between redox of and regulation of cell Glutathione antioxidant system. a Schematics

Biological hypotheses and biomarkers of bipolar disorder

Borderline Results: Levels between 200300 pg/mL may require additional testing, such as measuring methylmalonic acid (MMA) or homocysteine levels, to confirm deficiency

Lee JY, Friedman JE, Angel I et al (2004) The lipophilic metal chelator DP-109 reduces amyloid pathology in brains of human -amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice

Within this framework, the roles of different amino acid pathways in the metabolic network can be understood as differential regulation of key nodes, such as TCA cycle anaplerosis, mTOR signaling, redox balance, or methyl donor cycling