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Controlled protein intake, micronutrient replacement, and microbiome-informed precision diets are targeted nutritional interventions that reduce complications by preserving renal function, restoring nerve integrity, and promoting wound closure

Studies have shown that the gut microbiota can convert dietary polyphenols into low molecular weight bioactive metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and phenolic acids, which may exert their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through signaling pathways like Nrf2 and NF-B (Balkrishna et al., 2024)

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However, levels may be depleted by kidney and liver disease, genetic defects, valproic acid (an epilepsy drug), cancerand advancing age