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These compounds induce excessive ROS production by depleting antioxidants, activating enzymatic ROS-generating systems (e.g., NADPH oxidase), and triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately impairing spermatogenesis and sperm quality ( Figure 1g ) ( Despite their diverse origins, both endogenous and exogenous factors converge on a common pathogenic pathway: by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, activating enzymatic ROS-producing systems, or impairing antioxidant defenses, they lead to excessive ROS accumulation

This change in the AC assignment in AC6KO results in rearranged signaling compartmentalization as well as an alteration in the PDE isoform control of the cAMP pool (Cosson et al., 2019

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Stimulates lipolysis (fat breakdown): AOD 9604, in particular, is noted for its ability to stimulate the breakdown of stored fat