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Potenzieri A, Riva B, Genazzani AA

For instance, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and the essential trace mineral selenium are necessary for the recycling [the enzyme glutathione reductase is considered a flavoenzyme (i.e., it needs a coenzyme form of riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide to operate)] of and use [the enzyme glutathione peroxidase is a selenoprotein (i.e., it needs a its cofactor selenium to operate)] of glutathione, respectively

thereby, stopping the toxicity of A and detrimental effects of oxidative stress [102] (Table 2)

Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1), a crucial transcriptional regulator of hypoxic responses, is upregulated under oxidative stress, which subsequently triggers a hypoxic response, enhances the transcription of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and mediates autophagy, mitophagy, and aerobic glycolysis [134]