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60 Two studies used methyl-B12, 58,60 the others did not mention the form

M0 macrophages were then polarized into M1 macrophages by stimulation with LPS and INF-, or into M2 macrophages with IL-4 and IL-13

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This cascade leads to neuronal apoptosis and energy deficits, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus ( 4.3 Excitotoxicity Synthetic cathinones disrupt glutamatergic signaling by enhancing glutamate release and impairing astrocytic uptake ( 4.4 Neuroinflammation The neurotoxic environment created by synthetic cathinones activates microglia and astrocytes, leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 and TNF-