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However, the therapeutic utility of doxorubicin is undermined by its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, possibly arising as a result of futile redox cycling, with NADH dehydrogenase within the mitochondria proposed as the most likely site of anthracycline reduction 9,10

Y., DePinho, R

454 Such damage can be transmitted to astrocytes and trigger more inflammatory factors to activate inflammatory responses

Key measurements include lipid peroxidation markers such as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, antioxidant defense markers such as GPX4 activity and the GSH/oxidized GSH ratio and advanced MRI-based assessments such as quantitative susceptibility mapping to quantify brain iron deposition (95,96)