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Not an EFSA opinion

18 Despite being a conditionally essential nutrient, carnitine is a topic of uncertainty, even controversy, because its like a coin with two sides, and those sides can appear to be in direct conflict with each other

This pathway also produces various metabolites with different effects

Abbreviations AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase AP-1: Activator protein-1 ARE: Antioxidant response element ATP: Adenosine triphosphate CAD: Coronary artery disease cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CAT: Catalase Co Q10: Coenzyme Q10 CVD: Cardiovascular disease DM: Diabetes mellitus eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase GLUT2: Glucose transporter 2 GPx: Glutathione peroxidase HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol HO-1: Heme oxygenase 1 IDF: International Diabetes Federation IRS: Insulin receptor substrate Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol MDA: Malondialdehyde NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NO: Nitric oxide NOX: NADPH oxidases Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 PPAR : Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha QUICKI: Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ROS: Reactive oxygen species Sirt1: Sirtuin1 SOD: Superoxide dismutase SREBPs: Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins TAC: Total antioxidant capacity TC: Total cholesterol TG: Triglyceride VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein