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Concordant with the hypothesis that biguanides activate SKN-1 metabolic/innate immune and not oxidative stress defenses, phenformin treatment reduces expression of the canonical oxidative stress response gene gst-4 irrespective of bacterial diet source (Figure 6figure supplement 1AB), while reciprocally inducing expression of the innate immune response gene dod-24 in a manner dependent both upon skn-1 and ether lipids (Figure 6F and Figure 6figure supplement 1C)

Imaging was performed with a Nikon Eclipse Ti inverted fluorescence microscope using the Nikon Plan Apo 100 Ph oil (NA 1.45) objective (Nikon, Melville, NY)

Xiao Y, Lian H, Zhong XS, Krishnachaitanya SS, Cong Y, Dashwood RH, et al

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