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adenylate kinase) nonspecific for ribose (ribose or 2-deoxyribose) ATP + NMP ADP + NDP Nucleoside diphosphate kinase generic enzyme, nonspecific for base or ribose nonspecific for phosphate donor or acceptor NTP + NDP NDP + NTP donor acceptor acceptor donor Nucleotides for DNA Synthesis 2 Modifications: ribonucleotides reduced to 2-deoxyribonucleotides NDP dNDP uracil (uridylate) methylated to thymine (thymidylate) dUMP dTMP Reduction of Nucleotides NDP is reduced to dNDP by reduced form of ribonucleotide reductase Oxidized form of ribonucleotide reductase is reduced by either glutaredoxin or thioredoxin Oxidized form of glutaredoxin is reduced by glutathione Oxidized form of thioredoxin is reduced by FADH2 Oxidized glutathione and FAD are reduced by NADPH Regulation of Ribonucleotide Reductase Ribonucleotide Reductase (E

Aging Cell 9 , 667684 (2010)

Disruption of normal lipid composition of the outer sheath of the RBC membrane bilayer has been observed in diabetic patients and is hypothesized to contribute to impaired deformability and subsequent blood flow disruptions