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IEB Intestinal epithelial barrier GI Gastrointestinal TJs tight junctions IBS irritable bowel syndrome IBD inflammatory bowel diseases MUC2 mucin 2 AJs adherens junctions JAM-A junctional adhesion molecule-A ZO zonula occludens CD celiac disease NCGS non-celiac gluten sensitivity PAR-2 Proteinase-activated receptor 2 SCFAs short-chain fatty acids TLRs Toll-like receptors FGIDs Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders HLAs human leucocyte antigens GFD gluten-free diet UC ulcerative colitis

Stage 4 is long-standing type 1 diabetes

Koliou X, Fedonidis C, Kalpachidou T, Mangoura D

Parkinsonian features in aging GFAP.HMOX1 transgenic mice overexpressing human HO-1 in the astroglial compartment