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This excluded studies with inconsistent methodologies and standards and identified significant impairments in visuo-spatial, short-term, and especially immediate memory, with impacts on working memory being consistent with a massive executive deficit in patients [16]

For instance, a single-center study involving 200 type 2 diabetes patients, stratified by UACR categories (normal, micro-, and macroalbuminuria), found that the combined measurement of C16, C18:1, and C3 achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.89 for early DKD diagnosis, significantly outperforming UACR (AUC = 0.76) [147,148,149,150]

Clinical correlates of low serum carnitine levels in hospitalized psychiatric patients

The first method directly estimates the quantity of L-Carnitine without any prior separations by measuring optical rotation and integrating signal reagents