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By donating acetyl groups to NF-B p65/RelA, ALC enhances transcription of the GRM2 gene encoding metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptors.[11][12] This upregulation of mGlu2 receptors at nerve terminals produces analgesia and prevents spinal sensitization, with effects that persist for weeks to months after discontinuationa feature distinguishing ALC from conventional analgesics.[11] In experimental models, ALC blocks wind-up and long-term potentiation in dorsal horn neurons, key processes underlying central sensitization.[11] The analgesic effects of ALC outlast the end of treatment in mouse models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain, with effects persisting 37 days after drug withdrawal compared to 7-15 days for pregabalin or amitriptyline.[11] Clinical evidence in fibromyalgia (a prototypical central sensitization condition) supports this mechanism, with multiple RCTs demonstrating benefit.[11] Combination Strategies for Central Sensitization: ALC 1,500-2,000 mg/day + PEA 1,200 mg/day (demonstrated synergy in fibromyalgia)[3] + Magnesium 400-600 mg/day (complementary glutamate modulation) + Low-dose naltrexone (complementary anti-sensitization mechanisms) 2

Carnitine protects against MPP+-Induced neurotoxicity and inflammation by promoting primary ciliogenesis in SH-SY5Y cells