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The number and type of hydroxyl, carboxyl, and ester groups also play a crucial role by facilitating interactions between polyphenols and microbial cells, thereby inhibiting microbial growth (342, 343)

143 In addition, Lactobacillus is more abundant in healthy centenarians and produces the antioxidant L-ascorbic acid, which helps scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress

Here, it should be strongly emphasized that the research on the gut microbiome in CIPN is still at an exploratory stage, and potential therapeutic methods based on microbiota manipulation require further preclinical and clinical research

J Ethnopharmacol 326:117966 Li S, Takasu C, Lau H, Robles L, Vo K, Farzaneh T, Vaziri ND, Stamos MJ, Ichii H (2020) Dimethyl fumarate alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, through the activation of nrf2-mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways