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Selenium treatment in animal models noted above reduces hyperalgesia, oxidative stress levels, and apoptosis by modulating these channels [138]

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that can contribute to pathological cell and tissue damage in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and during the response to toxins (including chemotherapeutic agents), sepsis, or other environmental and physiological stimuli

doi: 10.1080/01635581.2011.535967

This series of pathological alterations further exacerbates local hypoxia and, through the classic hypoxia signaling pathway, stabilizes HIF-1, thereby driving disease progression [102]
