secondary l-carnitine deficiency Carnitine Supplementation in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients—A Literature Review Carnitine Deficiency: What You Need

Its molecular mechanisms of action have been linked to the regulation of some critical genes, such as caspase-3, p53, and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), as well as signaling cascades, including the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf2/HO-1) pathway [34]

Similarly, CUMS models show reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired ATP production, decreased PINK1 and Parkin expression, alongside increased mtROS, p62, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC)

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77835-1

The intermediary metabolism of the prostate: a key to understanding the pathogenesis and progression of prostate malignancy