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OS arises from a disruption in redox homeostasis, where an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelms endogenous antioxidant defenses, leading to oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA (Sies et al., 2024)

Thus a vitamin C deficiency results in a reduced resistance against certain pathogens whilst a higher supply enhances several immune system parameters

Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is another prominent CSR that facilitates entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the CNS through olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity 63

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 165.De Brito B.B., Da Silva F.A.F., Soares A.S., Pereira V.A., Santos M.L.C., Sampaio M.M., Neves P.H.M., De Melo F.F