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Most of the studies use reagents such as para -aminobenzoic acid (pABA) and 4-NB, which are competitive inhibitors of the COQ2 enzyme

Rodent studies also demonstrated that chronic stress decreases mTORC1 signaling proteins 30,54,55 , that over expression of REDD1 causes loss of synapses in the PFC, and that REDD1 deletion mutant mice are resilient to the synaptic and behavioral deficits caused by chronic stress 30 , further implicating mTORC1 signaling in stress, depression and antidepressant responses Sex differences in susceptibility to depression Depression is approximately twice as common in women compared to men 2 and fluctuations of gonadal steroids (i.e., estrogen and progesterone) associated with the reproductive life cycle (puberty, menstrual cycle, childbirth, and menopause) contribute to depression vulnerability 56,57

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