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2 Oxidative stress and periodontitis 2.1 Basic concepts of oxidative stress Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen types (involving superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, etc.) and other oxidants in the cellular and extracellular environment, capable of damaging cell structures and functions ( Under normal conditions, the body regulates and neutralizes these parlous oxidants by antioxidant systems (including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, etc.), remaining redox balance within cells (Menzel et al., 2021)

There are three ways for Fe 2+ to enter cells: it can bind with iron proteins, chelate with GSH free sulfhydryl groups, or be exported through the iron-transporting protein solute carrier family 40 member 1 (FPN)

doi: 10.1254/jphs.08r01cr

A high concentration of vitamin C protects from free radicals and promotes healthy skin and nails, while vitamin B12 fights fatigue, and trace minerals and magnesium provide an inner peace and outer glow