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433,436 In diabetes, when GPDH is inhibited due to the reduced utilization of NAD + , about 30% of glucose is involved in the polyol pathway

At least five variants of GPx are known to be selenoproteins: GPx1 (in the cytosol) GPx2 (specific to epithelial cells in the lungs and intestinal lining) GPx3 (thyroid and kidneys) GPx4 (phospholipid-hydroperoxide) and GPx6 (active in the olfactory epithelium)

Beyond detoxification, glutathione serves critical functions in maintaining cellular redox balance, regulating inflammatory responses, supporting mitochondrial function and energy production, protecting against DNA mutations, and maintaining immune cell function

thus, the phenotype is manifest fully in males whereas female heterozygotes display varying degrees of G6PD deficiency, due to alternate X-chromosome inactivation 3,4