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Activated caspase-8 subsequently triggers caspase-3, leading to cell death

NAD+: While technically a coenzyme, NAD+ is crucial for cellular energy and repair

Thirdly, glutathione boosts the immune system by activating T-lymphocytes and leukocytes that are part of the immune response of the body, thus ensuring a competent immune system facing any health hazards oxidative stress can cause (3)

Furthermore, cytokines released by astrocytes may bind to their specific receptors in the dopaminergic neurons, such as TNFR1 and 2, and activate proapoptotic mechanisms through the activation of caspase 3, caspase 8, and cytochrome c [10]