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143 A mitochondria-targeting nanoplatform was recently developed by conjugating folic acid-modified MCNs with the bioactive peptide M27-39, achieving dual therapeutic effects against both colorectal cancer and IBD

Malnutrition Alcohol provides more calories per gram than carbs or proteins On average, ethanol provides about half of an alcoholics caloric intake leading to malnutrition Nutritional deficiencies can directly result in liver damage Alcohol promotes the degradation of nutrients Other ethanol-related complications (pancreatic insufficiency, impaired hepatic metabolism of nutrients, chronic gastric and intestinal mucosal damage) lead to malabsorption of ingested food Toxic effects of hepatic alcohol oxidation Oxidation of ethanol through alcohol dehydrogenase pathway produces acetaldehyde which is converted to acetate Acetaldehyde is directly toxic to the liver: it inhibits the repair of alkylated nucleoproteins, decreases activity of key enzymes, impairs mitochondrial oxygen use which can promote hypoxic/ischemic injury, depletes glutathione and increases toxic effects of free radicals Both reactions reduce NAD to NADH excess NADH inhibits both the Krebs cycle and fatty acid oxidation with subsequent steatosis and hyperlipidemia Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and oxidative stress Four-to-tenfold increase in activity of CYP 2E1 (contributes to the metabolic tolerance to ethanol which develops in the alcoholic) Induced activity results in oxidative stress which leads to ROS, lipid peroxidation, inflammation and mitochondrial damage which further worsens the oxidative stress within the cell Drug-induced liver i njury Drug Safety 2007

DeBerardinis, R

Abstract Cognitive impairment is a recognized risk in patients with type 1 diabetes, yet its contributing factors and overall impact remain insufficiently understood