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Mode 4 generates NADPH, and the ribose 5-phosphate is converted into the glycolytic intermediates fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which enter the glycolytic pathway to generate ATP rather than the gluconeogenic pathway to produce glucose 6-phosphate

Side effects are rare and typically mild: temporary injection site soreness, slight redness, or minor bruising

That means the medication needs to reach the fatty tissue layer just beneath the skin, not the muscle beneath it

conversely, in multiple myeloma (MM), MDSCs induce tumor cell autophagy via AMPK phosphorylation, upregulating MCL-1/BCL-2 expression to enhance MM cell survival (111)