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2.4 Mitochondrial dysfunction in PD Mitochondrial dysfunction is intricately linked to PD etiology and ferroptosis

In conclusion, phenylalanine, X-12,100 hydroxytryptophan, and 5-hydroxyproline have a causal relationship with the occurrence of PD and may be potential early screening biomarkers and blocking targets

This includes membrane dysfunction, cytoskeletal damage, mitochondrial impairments, inefficient energy production, as well as the activation of pro-apoptotic and pro-necrotic signaling pathways (e.g., caspases, mitogen-activated protein kinase)
