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Another study demonstrated that while branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) and taurine were significantly decreased, three metabolites of the kynurenine pathway, specifically 2-aminobenzoic acid, xanthurenic acid, and hydroxy picolinic acid were reported to be significantly upregulated in ESKD patients compared to CKD patients

Cell culture The immortalized porcine hepatocyte cell line (Hep-Li) was provided by the State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of Zhejiang University (Hangzhou, China) and cultured in high-glucose DMEM containing 10% FBS and 1% penicillinstreptomycin

Dng trng & lm u mu da: Glutathione gip gim thm nm, lm sng da, mang li ln da rng r v u mu t nhin

Due to the vital importance of NAD + /NADH and NADP + / NADPH redox pairs, various approaches such as enzymatic cycling assay [8], capillary electrophoresis [9], isotope-labeling techniques [10, 11], high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry [12, 13] were developed