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however, multiple nonmetal (e.g., carbon-based) nanozymes also showed promising enzyme-mimicking properties

Maes M, Berk M, Goehler L, Song C, Anderson G, Gaecki P, et al

In addition, poor solubility, limited BBB penetration, and low oral bioavailability-coupled with significant inter-individual variability in absorption and metabolism-pose substantial barriers to dose standardization and reproducibility

Despite growing enthusiasm for therapeutic modulation of the microbiotaBA axis, translating foundational insights into robust clinical applications, including the development of validated biomarkers (Section 4.3), remains a major hurdle