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According, a high degree of mitophagy occurred in neuronal cells such as dopaminergic neurons and microglia (McWilliams et al., 2018)

In term of plants, it is reported that high accumulation of GABA has the potential to disrupt the balance of amino acids within cells, resulting in abnormal phenotypes (Gramazio et al., 2020)

Dietary iron is absorbed primarily in the proximal small intestine, a process positively regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-2 (HIF-2) ( 2.2 Core characteristics of ferroptosis Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death driven by lipid peroxidation

it generates GTP through substrate-level phosphorylation and provides precursors such as oxaloacetate (OAA) for gluconeogenesis, citrate for the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, 2-oxoglutarate (2-oxo) for amino acid anabolism and succinyl CoA for heme biosynthesis ( In mitochondria of experimental rat hepatomas, it was initially considered that the Krebs cycle was truncated compared to rat liver mitochondria