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Caffeine is a widely used ingredient that may help support focus and energy levels as part of a pre-workout routine

Another study on cardiometabolic risk factors in a diabetes case-control study (NCT02588898) and a vitamin-supplementation trial (NCT02586181) found high plasma concentrations of metabolites, including TMAO and choline, correlated with lower cholesterol and plasma phospholipid levels, suggesting TMAO may aid in cholesterol solubilization and macrophage cholesterol (158)

Since the carrier molecule of fatty acids, acyl-CoA, can not cross the cell membrane of the mitochondria, a deficiency of carnitine causes a reduction in the concentration of fatty acids in the mitochondria and, consequently, a reduced production of energy

L-carnitine is well-known for its role in fat metabolism