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Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Hb, particularly astrocytic Hb in the hippocampus and both astrocytic and neuronal Hb in the SNpc, is essential for the therapeutic effects of KDS12025, underscoring its pivotal role in mitigating oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in AD and PD models

10.7150/thno.21389 105 JiangL.KonN.LiT.WangS.-J.SuT.HibshooshH.et al (2015)

The change in membrane potential across the IM and proton concentration gradient provide the energy used togenerate ATP as the H+ are passed back through the ATP synthase complex (see Figure 1)

There is a crucial direction for future research to include such a group, with the necessary ethical approvals, to further elucidate the interplay between diabetes, CVD, and the investigated biomarkers