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L-Carnitine is the naturally occurring amino acid derivative essential for shuttling long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation and ATP production, as described in scientific literature ([ods.od.nih.gov]( The L-form is the only biologically active isomer D-carnitine is inactive and potentially inhibitory

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By inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which induces mitochondrial hyperpolarization and subsequently stimulates ROS production [23], the oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine (C16-carnitine) produces more ROS in mitochondria than carbohydrates [24]

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