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GSH can then be synthesized de novo in a two-step ATP-requiring enzymatic process utilizing glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) and glutathione synthetase (GS) (Figure 2) [83,87]

PMID: 28704757

2005 Jul 1;36(7):1432-8

The role of oxidative stress in the COVID-19 disease may involve recognition of the viral S-protein by angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor and pattern recognition receptors like toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and activation of transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B, that subsequently activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) expression succeeded by ROS production (Kozlov et al., 2021)