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Description
Much of Noopept cognitive effect may be mediated through its metabolite cycloprolylglycine (cPG), which concentrates preferentially in the hippocampus and has been shown to reduce hippocampal cell death, increase BDNF mRNA, and modulate inflammatory cytokine expression

Clinical trials involving approximately 900 participants found that the adverse event profile was indistinguishable from placebo for most parameters
The G-CSF related neuroprotection is mediated by cell mobilization, anti-inflammatory or anti-apoptotic activity [51,81]

Structural pathway interaction models