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Some studies, however, have uncovered examples of NADPH-independent disulfide reductase systems that can also support RNR

CK comparison group, drought stress significantly affected the basal metabolism and defense systems of Astragalus , primarily involving Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and Plant hormone signal transduction ( Figure 3B ), where up-regulated genes were significantly enriched in the Metabolic pathways and Flavonoid biosynthesis pathways ( Supplementary Figure 6A ), while down-regulated genes were highly concentrated in the Photosynthesis-antenna proteins and Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum terms ( Supplementary Figure 6B ), reflecting that water deficiency forced the inhibition of light-harvesting efficiency and led to the obstruction of intracellular protein folding and processing

The ulcerative variant of IC/PBS is characterized by a more significant presence of MCs, elevated levels of histamine, and increased production of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) compared to the non-ulcerative form (Logadottir et al., 2013)