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observed that the aortas of Ldlr / mice fed a choline diet showed elevated inflammatory gene expression compared to controls ( / mice, and half an hour later, the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-B p65) cascade signaling were detected in aortic samples ( In vitro , they demonstrated TMAO's induction of the expression of inflammatory genes, including cyclooxygenase 2, interleukin 6, etc., both in human endothelial and smooth muscle cells, which eventually caused vascular endothelial inflammatory damage and enhanced the adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelia ( / mice ( TMAO Increases the Risk of Thrombosis Zhu et al

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Michaud LJ, Louden EJ, Lippert WC, Allgier AJ, Foad SL, Mehlman CT

Supports Intense Sports Exercise