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B12 deficiency can affect individuals of all ages, but most particularly elderly individuals, as older adults are more likely to have decreased stomach acid production, which is necessary for B12 absorption and they easily develop vitamin B12 deficiency

Supplement iron and B12 in cases of excessive blood loss due to trauma, surgery, blood loss caused by parasites, etc

doi: 10.1080/01443615.2020.1732891

Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include (1): chronic fatigue shortness of breath heart palpitations tingling or numbness in the extremities poor balance loss of concentration poor memory disorientation mood changes incontinence insomnia People most at risk of developing a deficiency include older adults, as well as those who smoke, abuse alcohol, or follow a vegetarian or vegan diet