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Common triggers include: sun exposure and external factors that increase pigmentation sleep deprivation, dehydration and fluid retention excessive rubbing, allergies and irritation volume loss in the tear trough puffy eyes and fluid pooling around the lower eyelids Genetics, Skin Tone and Ageing A hereditary tendency can manifest as increased pigmentation or deeper tear troughs visible from early adulthood

doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.11.017

Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, Pallio G, Mannino F, Arcoraci V et al (2017) Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health

The specific formulation used in the injection will depend on the goals of the treatment and may include vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, or other active ingredients.