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48 The role of nicotine on different autoimmune diseases may be different

Smokers were also classified as smokers if they had smoked two or more cigarettes at each study time point

Underlying conditions: Existing digestive issues, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), can increase the risk of constipation

To address this gap, the aim of this study was to characterise the vapour emitted by a 4th-generation pod e-cigarette designed with a ceramic wick-based technology using ISO 20768:2018 standard puffing regime (55 mL puff volume/3 s puff duration/30 s puff frequency
