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Key pharmacological effects include: Glucose-dependent insulin secretion Enhanced pancreatic beta-cell insulin release only when blood glucose is elevated, reducing hypoglycemia risk Suppression of glucagon secretion Decreased hepatic glucose production from pancreatic alpha cells Delayed gastric emptying Slowed movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine Central appetite regulation Reduced hunger and increased satiety through hypothalamic pathways The delayed gastric emptying effect is particularly significant and represents both a therapeutic mechanism and a potential source of adverse effects

doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.73

Patients could expect to pay up to $24,000 a year for the medications, which they should expect to stay on in perpetuity, potentially posing a barrier to access for some people. Lifestyle Implications and Changes How Life Changes After Bariatric Surgery Patients should expect to spend up to three days in the hospital post-surgery and will need to factor in up to four weeks of leave from work for recovery, says Thompson

However, it should be noted that combined with insulin may lead to hypoglycemia (94)