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In vitro, in differentiated human DA neurons, IR was associated with increased -synuclein and ROS levels, as well as mitochondrial depolarization, which may be mediated by polo-like kinase-2.177 In vivo, mitochondrial dynamics-related factor Parkin was significantly reduced in the substantia nigra of a mice fed a high-fat diet and a diabetic mice, leading to the accumulation of Parkin-interacting substrate and the reduction of PGC-1.41 Also, high glucose levels may modulate Parkin/PINK1-mediated mitochondrial autophagy in DA cells through the thioredoxin-interacting protein.178 All the above mechanisms suggest that diabetes-related metabolic factors may promote PD by regulating the mitochondria

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Faecal microbiota are related to insulin sensitivity and secretion in overweight or obese adults

The volunteers had their taste sensitivity measured using strips containing all four basic tastes (sweet, salty, sour, and bitter) placed on their tongue