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Graphical abstract Access this article Similar content being viewed by others Abbreviations AKT: Protein kinase B (PKB) AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase ATG16L1: Autophagy related gene16L1 ATP: Adenosine triphosphate BMP4: Bone morphogenetic protein 4 CA2: Carbonic anhydrase 2 CDK: Cyclin dependent kinases CDX2: Homeobox protein CDX2 CKI: Casein kinase I COX2: Cyclooxygenase DLL: Delta like canonical notch ligand eEF2: Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 eEF2K: Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase eIF-4e: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E EGF: Epidermal growth factor ERK: Extracellular signal regulated kinase EPHB2: Ephrin type-B receptor 2 FAK: Focal adhesion kinase GATA: GATA binding protein G-CSF: Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 hATH1 and mATH1: Human and mouse atonal homolog 1 HES1: Hairy/enhancer of split 1 HEY1: Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW mortif 1 IFN: Interferon IGF-1: Insulin growth factor 1 IkB: Inhibitor of kappa B IKK: IkB kinase IRAK1: Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase IRS: Insulin receptor substrate JAK: Janus kinase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinases KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog LEF1: Lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 LRP5/6: Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 MEK: Mitogen activated protein/extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase MUC: Mucin MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase NECD: Notch extra-cellular domain NFkB: Nuclear factor kappa B NOD2: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 NLRP3: Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 PAMP: Pathogen associated molecular pattern PDK1: Phosphoinositide dependent kinase 1 PtdIns: Phosphatidylinositide PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 RAC1: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 REG: Regenerating gene gamma RTK: Receptor tyrosine kinase SIRT1: Sirtuin 1 SOCS3: Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 TAB: TAK1 binding proteins TAK1: Transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 TEAD: Transcription enhancer factor TEF-1 TCF: T cell factor transcription factor TLR: Toll-like receptor TM4SF4: Transmembrane 4 L six family member 4 TNFR: Tumor necrosis receptor TRAF: TNFR associated factor References Ayabe T, Satchell DP, Wilson CL, Parks WC, Selsted ME, Ouellette AJ (2000) Secretion of microbicidal alpha-defensins by intestinal Paneth cells in response to bacteria

doi: 10.1172/JCI112855

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Cagrilintide Benefits 6 effects with clinical trial data Cagrilintide Dosing Guide titration, reconstitution, and protocols Semaglutide Benefits 8 proven effects Semaglutide Dosing Guide weekly dosing and titration Liraglutide vs Semaglutide head-to-head GLP-1 comparison Retatrutide Dosing Guide triple agonist approach References For educational and research purposes only